Does Coffee Benefit the Brain? (2024)

Coffee is one of the world’s most popular drinks. The morning beverage (or, for some, afternoon pick-me-up) is most known for its high caffeine content, perking up even the most tired eyes.

Given coffee’s popularity, several studies have examined its effects on your health, both immediate and in the long term.

As it turns out, moderate coffee consumption is associated with health benefits, including a reduced risk of prediabetes and liver disease. (1, 2).

Researchers have also looked into caffeine’s effect on your brain — and the findings so far look quite promising when it comes to your cognitive health.

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Coffee contains hundreds of bioactive compounds that contribute to its potentially powerful health benefits.

Many of these compounds are antioxidants, which fight the damage caused by harmful free radicals in your cells.

Here are coffee’s most important active ingredients (3):

  • Caffeine. The main active ingredient in coffee, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system.
  • Chlorogenic acids. These polyphenol antioxidants may benefit some biological pathways, such as blood sugar metabolism and high blood pressure.
  • Cafestol and kahweol. Present in coffee’s natural oil, these compounds are found in high amounts in unfiltered coffee.
  • Trigonelline. This alkaloid compound is unstable at high heat, and during roasting it forms nicotinic acid, also known as niacin (vitamin B3).

However, the amounts of these substances in a cup of coffee may vary.

Summary

Coffee can be a healthy beverage, packed with hundreds of biologically active compounds, including caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, cafestol, and kahweol.

Caffeine affects the central nervous system (CNS) in several ways.

The effects are mainly believed to stem from the way caffeine interacts with adenosine receptors (4).

Adenosine is a neurotransmitter in your brain that promotes sleep.

Neurons in your brain have specific receptors that adenosine can attach to. When it binds to those receptors, it inhibits the tendency of neurons to fire. This slows neural activity.

Adenosine normally builds up during the day and eventually makes you drowsy when it’s time to go to sleep (5, 6).

Caffeine and adenosine have a similar molecular structure. So when caffeine is present in the brain, it competes with adenosine to bind to the same receptors.

However, caffeine doesn’t slow the firing of your neurons like adenosine does. Instead, it prevents the adenosine from slowing down neural activity.

Caffeine promotes CNS stimulation, making you feel alert.

Summary

Caffeine is the key reason why coffee boosts brain function. This stimulant blocks adenosine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that makes you sleepy.

Caffeine can lead to an increase in resting brain entropy.

Brain entropy is vital to brain function, and high levels point to high processing abilities. An increase in resting brain entropy suggests higher information-processing capacity (7).

Caffeine also stimulates the CNS by promoting the release of other neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin (8).

Caffeine may improve various aspects of brain function, including (9):

  • mood
  • reaction time
  • vigilance
  • attention
  • learning
  • general mental function

That said, you may develop a tolerance to caffeine over time. This means you will need to consume more coffee than before to get the same effects.

Keep in mind, however, that more isn’t always better. (10).

In fact, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that healthy adults should only consume about 4 or 5 cups (400 milligrams) daily to avoid potentially dangerous or adverse side effects.

And if you are trying to become pregnant or are pregnant, breastfeeding, sensitive to caffeine, taking medications, or living with an underlying condition, you may want to speak with a healthcare professional.

Together you can decide what amount of caffeine is appropriate for you (11).

Summary

Caffeine causes changes in several neurotransmitters that may improve mood, reaction time, learning, and vigilance.

Coffee and caffeine may also affect your memory, but the research on this is mixed and more studies are needed.

Some studies suggest that caffeine may have a significant positive effect on both short-term and long-term memory (12, 13).

Other studies report no effects on memory or have even found that caffeine impaired performance on memory tasks (13, 14, 15).

In one study, when participants consumed a caffeine tablet after studying a series of images, their ability to recognize the images 24 hours later was strengthened.

Caffeine also appeared to make these memories more resistant to being forgotten, compared with the placebo group.

Summary

While some studies have found that caffeine may improve short-term memory, others have found no effect. The effects on long-term memory need to be investigated further.

The main reason why people drink coffee is to feel more energized and awake, so it’s no surprise that research has shown caffeine may suppress feelings of fatigue (16).

However, the energy boost only lasts for a certain amount of time before it starts to wear off. Then you may feel you need another cup.

Just make sure not to consume large amounts of caffeine in the late afternoon or evening, since it might disrupt your sleep at night (17).

If drinking coffee reduces the quality of your sleep, then it will likely have the opposite effect — rather than reducing fatigue, it may cause you to lose sleep and impair your overall brain function.

Summary

People often use coffee to counteract fatigue and tiredness. However, when consumed late in the day, caffeine may reduce the quality of your sleep and as a result make you feel more tired.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. It generally starts slowly but gets more severe over time.

Alzheimer’s causes memory loss, as well as problems with thinking and behavior. There is currently no known cure.

Interestingly, diet-related factors may affect your risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.

Observational studies have associated regular, moderate coffee consumption with up to a 65% lower risk of getting Alzheimer’s (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23).

However, the protective effects of coffee and caffeine have not been confirmed by randomized controlled trials.

Summary

Consuming coffee regularly in moderate amounts is linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, higher-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic disorder of the CNS (24).

It’s characterized by the death of nerve cells in the brain that secrete dopamine and are important for muscle movement (25).

Parkinson’s mainly affects movement and often includes tremors. There is no known cure for this condition, which makes prevention particularly important.

Interestingly, studies show that coffee may help lower the risk of Parkinson’s disease (26, 27, 28).

A large review study reported a 29% lower risk of Parkinson’s disease in people who drank 3 cups of coffee per day. Consuming 5 cups didn’t seem to add much benefit, indicating that more is not necessarily better (29).

The caffeine in coffee appears to be the active ingredient responsible for these protective effects (30, 31).

However, it should be noted that while the evidence is substantial it is not 100% conclusive (32).

Summary

Consuming moderate amounts of coffee may protect against Parkinson’s disease. This effect is attributed to the caffeine.

When consumed in moderation, coffee can be very good for your brain.

In the short-term, it may improve mood, vigilance, learning, and reaction time. Long-term use may protect against brain conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Although many of these studies are observational — meaning they can’t prove cause and effect — they strongly suggest that coffee is good for your brain.

However, moderation is key. When consumed in excess, caffeine can cause anxiety, jitters, heart palpitations, and sleep problems (33).

Some people are sensitive to caffeine, while others can drink many cups per day without any side effects.

That said, some people definitely need to limit their caffeine intake, including children, adolescents, and pregnant people (34, 35).

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Does Coffee Benefit the Brain? (2024)

FAQs

Does coffee actually improve brain function? ›

When consumed in moderation, coffee can be very good for your brain. In the short-term, it may improve mood, vigilance, learning, and reaction time. Long-term use may protect against brain conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Does coffee improve IQ? ›

Wenk, Ph. D., coffee does not raise IQ levels. The caffeine in coffee only increases the brain's processing speed but it doesn't lead to significant long-term changes in cognitive performance.

Does coffee help you think? ›

Low to moderate doses of caffeine (50–300 mg) may cause increased alertness, energy, and ability to concentrate, while higher doses may have negative effects such as anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and increased heart rate.

Why do I think better when I drink coffee? ›

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, which makes you feel more focused, energized, alert and awake, according to MedlinePlus.

Does caffeine rewire your brain? ›

Researchers have now shown in a study that regular caffeine intake can change the gray matter of the brain. However, the effect appears to be temporary. Coffee, cola or an energy drink: caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive substance.

Can coffee clear brain fog? ›

Yes, it may be beneficial for a quick mental boost but ultimately, caffeine does not address the root cause of your brain fog. No matter how many cups of coffee you take, you cannot force the brain to perform its best when it's in a fatigued state.

What raises IQ the most? ›

Training your memory, executive control, and visuospatial reasoning can help to boost your intelligence levels. The best way to train these areas of your brain is to engage in thoughtful activities and games, learn new skills, and keep your brain active.

Does caffeine slow brain growth? ›

Researchers found that young rats who consumed the rat-sized equivalent of the caffeine in three or four cups of coffee daily experienced reduced deep sleep and delayed brain development. Caffeine impacts development by disrupting the formation of key connections in the brain, said study author Dr.

What habits increase IQ? ›

Running, weightlifting, cardio, yoga, and even just walking all have long-term brain benefits and help you be a better entrepreneur. Even just walking improves creativity.

Can coffee help ADHD? ›

Caffeine doesn't target ADHD symptoms as effectively as proven prescriptions. And caffeine plus medication “can result in dangerously acute jitteriness or out-of-control impulsivity,” according to CHADD, a national resource for children and adults with ADHD.

Should I drink coffee to focus? ›

Caffeine can help to improve alertness and enhance short-term capabilities so that you can easily learn and absorb new information. This can be helpful during a long study session, allowing you to retain more detail over a short period of time.

Which coffee is best for brain? ›

This suggests that dark roasted coffee — whether regular or decaf — has the strongest protective effect on the brain.

Are coffee drinkers happier? ›

Coffee and its dopamine-releasing properties ultimately make us feel happier because it is able to tap into virtually every reward system our brain has evolved, writes Gary L. Wenk in Psychology Today. So there's a reason why you catch yourself going for a second, third or seventh cup—it really does make you happier.

Is coffee an Antidepressant? ›

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system and acts as an antidepressant by elevating serotonin and dopamine. It's even been shown in the Archives of Internal Medicine to lower suicide rates. Some experience the mood boost more than others.

Why does caffeine clear my mind? ›

The caffeine-brain connection

The reason you get a quick wakeup call after chugging a mug of coffee has to do with the way caffeine tricks your brain. Not only is caffeine a brain stimulant, but it also blocks receptors for a chemical called adenosine, which normally prevents the release of excitatory brain chemicals.

Does caffeine improve mental health? ›

Research suggests that caffeine may help to relieve depressive symptoms or help to protect against depression. A 2016 meta-analysis accounting for a total of 346,913 individuals and 8,146 cases of depression suggested that coffee consumption may have a protective effect.

Does quitting coffee release dopamine? ›

Quitting Caffeine

Caffeine causes the brain to produce dopamine. Chronic caffeine use can deplete the brain's stores of tyrosine and phenylalanine, two amino acids which act as building blocks for dopamine and adrenaline.

Does coffee give you dopamine? ›

Caffeine causes neural excitation in the brain, which the pituitary gland perceives as an emergency and stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline. Caffeine also increases dopamine levels -- the neurotransmitter that is affected by drugs like amphetamines and heroin.

How long does it take for your brain to recover from coffee? ›

For most people, caffeine withdrawal symptoms can last two to nine days and you should be feeling fine again no more than two weeks after you stopped using caffeine.

What kills brain fog? ›

There are ways you can help to maintain brain function: reducing the use of smartphone, tablet, and computer, getting enough rest, eating healthy food, and taking essential supplements that prepared by a team of experts. These can help improve memory, reduce stress, and maintain emotional balance.

What is the best drink for brain fog? ›

Brain-Boosting Beverages
  • Coffee. 1/12. If you can't get through the morning without a java jolt, you're not alone. ...
  • Green Tea. 2/12. ...
  • Berry Juices. 3/12. ...
  • Kombucha. 4/12. ...
  • Green Smoothie. 5/12. ...
  • Turmeric Tea. 6/12. ...
  • Beetroot Juice. 7/12. ...
  • Ginseng Tea. 8/12.
Nov 30, 2022

Are high IQ lazy? ›

Science supports laziness

The data found that those with a high IQ got bored less easily, leading them to be less active and spend more time engaged in thought.

What is the best hobby for your brain? ›

Here we share a few of our favourite hobbies for cognitive function, that may help keep us engaged and our minds active and well.
  • Playing music for stress relief.
  • Learning a language to delay dementia.
  • Knitting or Crocheting to slow cognitive decline.
  • Meditative Colouring for mindfulness.
  • Gardening.

Does IQ change with age? ›

Does an individual's IQ change with age? An individual's IQ does not change with age. In other words: if you did an IQ test now and then another one in 10 years' time, your IQ score will probably be very similar. This is because IQ is always measured relative to other people your age.

Is coffee linked to Alzheimer's? ›

Coffee, caffeine and risk of Alzheimer's disease

The majority of studies suggest that regular coffee/caffeine consumption over a lifetime reduces the risk of developing AD, particularly in the elderly, however some studies show varying results.

What age is coffee OK? ›

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no caffeinated coffee, tea, soda, sports drinks or other products for children under the age of 12, while adolescents between the ages of age 12 and 18 should limit their intake to less than 100 milligrams per day – about the size of an old-fashioned cup of coffee.

Why am I smarter with caffeine? ›

Coffee Can Make You Smarter

By blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine, caffeine actually increases neuronal firing in the brain and the release of other neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine ( 1 , 2 ).

How can I sharpen my intelligence? ›

8 Ways To Keep Your Mind Sharp
  1. Learn a foreign language. ...
  2. Try a new activity. ...
  3. Eat brain-boosting foods. ...
  4. Exercise. ...
  5. Get some sleep. ...
  6. Stay on top of your health conditions. ...
  7. Meditate. ...
  8. Connect.
Jun 13, 2016

What makes a person smart? ›

There are 10 qualities that intelligent people have in common. They are empathetic, adaptable, curious, observant, and ask great questions. They have self-control, are funny, have a good memory, know their limits, and go with the flow. Smart people are more than their test scores; they want to make others feel gifted.

What are some habits of smart people? ›

  • Jan 19, 2023. Subtle habits of highly intelligent people. ...
  • Letting people know. They avoid letting people know how smart they are. ...
  • Study others' actions. Highly intelligent people study others' actions and try to imitate the pros. ...
  • Solving things independently. ...
  • Bragging. ...
  • Connecting dots. ...
  • Reading. ...
  • Questions.
Jan 19, 2023

Why does coffee calm people with ADHD? ›

Caffeine may have some effects similar to those of common ADHD medications. Although the exact reason is unknown, reduced blood flow may help treat ADHD by reducing the activity of brain regions that are overactive, allowing them to better function and cooperate with the rest of the brain.

Why do people with ADHD like coffee so much? ›

Caffeine — in a travel mug, Hershey wrapper, or mid-day co*ke — is a natural stimulant that boosts dopamine production in the brain. This helps to explain why so many adults with ADHD say they couldn't live without it.

Why does coffee make ADHD sleepy? ›

Caffeine interacts with a molecule in the body called adenosine , which assists with communication between brain cells and acts as a nervous system depressant. Adenosine levels increase throughout the day and help promote feelings of drowsiness.

Is Adderall similar to caffeine? ›

How are Adderall and coffee similar, and how do they work? Both Adderall and caffeine are considered stimulants — they can cause you to be more awake and alert, and people sometimes use them to improve concentration and memory.

Should you take a break from coffee? ›

Not partaking in caffeine can be good for your blood pressure. Caffeine has been shown to raise blood pressure levels due to the stimulatory effect it has on the nervous system. High intake of caffeine — 3 to 5 cups per day — has also been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Does caffeine increase testosterone? ›

Caffeine generally has a positive impact on testosterone levels. It has been shown that men that consume caffeine on a regular basis, on average, have more testosterone than those that don't.

What drink improves memory? ›

Here are 15 juices and drinks that may boost your brain health.
  • Coffee. Coffee is probably the most widely consumed nootropic beverage. ...
  • Green tea. Green tea's caffeine content is much lower than coffee's. ...
  • Kombucha. ...
  • Orange juice. ...
  • Blueberry juice. ...
  • Green juices and smoothies. ...
  • Turmeric lattes. ...
  • Adaptogen lattes.

What can I drink to make my brain smarter? ›

Try caffeinated drinks

If you want to become smarter faster, a cup of caffeinated tea or coffee could be the push you need to get your brain working at top speeds.

Can brain surgeons drink coffee? ›

As a result, Fargen et al. recommended for neurosurgeons to avoid caffeine to improve the surgical dexterity [16].

Why do coffee drinkers live longer? ›

Coffee lowers risk of heart problems and early death, study says, especially ground and caffeinated. Is coffee good for you? Drinking two to three cups a day of most types of coffee may protect you from cardiovascular disease and an early death, a new study found.

Do coffee drinkers look younger? ›

The quick answer is “kind of.” Drinking coffee, thanks to the caffeine inside of it, has been shown to reduce inflammation, which becomes more common as people get older. In reality, however, drinking coffee as most of us do isn't going to make us look any younger and reduce the signs of aging.

Do coffee drinkers age faster? ›

Caffeine can cause your blood vessels to constrict, and as a result, the vessels at the surface of your skin won't deliver as many antioxidants and nutrients to promote collagen production. "The results of drinking too much coffee can cause the skin to wrinkle prematurely, and become more lax with time," says Dr. S.

Is coffee good for anxiety? ›

While the side effects of caffeine and anxiety can be alike, you can't get anxiety from caffeine directly. But, drinking coffee can make anxiety symptoms worse. Research shows that in people with panic disorder, caffeine consumption raises the risk of having a panic attack and increases levels of anxiety.

Does coffee boost serotonin? ›

Chronic caffeine intake has been shown to increase the receptors of serotonin (26-30% increase), GABA (65% increase), and acetylcholine (40-50%). This may contribute to the elevated mood and perceived increase in energy we feel after a coffee (which makes espresso a handy pre-workout drink).

How long does caffeine stay in your system? ›

The level of caffeine in your blood peaks about one hour later and stays at this level for several hours for most people. Six hours after caffeine is consumed, half of it is still in your body. It can take up to 10 hours to completely clear caffeine from your bloodstream.

What does coffee do to your hair? ›

Using coffee for hair, helps stimulate your hair follicles and speeds up hair growth. Caffeine also improves the blood circulation to your scalp, which in turn allows for nutrients to reach your scalp more efficiently. This results in a quicker and healthier hair growth.

Why does coffee make me feel so good? ›

Many studies have shown that coffee can help to fight against depression and also improve general cognitive functions such as memory, vigilance, and your overall mood. This is due to release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that sends signals to the brain to help us feel happiness.

What coffee is healthiest for brain? ›

It appears that a longer roasting time causes the coffee beans to produce more phenylindanes. This suggests that dark roasted coffee — whether regular or decaf — has the strongest protective effect on the brain.

Is long term caffeine use bad? ›

Regular use of more than 600 mg of caffeine might cause the short-term effects listed above. Long-term effects at this level may include chronic insomnia, constant anxiety, depression, and stomach problems. It can also cause high blood pressure or make high blood pressure worse.

Which is better for your brain coffee or tea? ›

One study asked people to drink four cups of coffee or tea throughout the day. Both beverages had similar effects on alertness and cognitive performance. But the tea had one big advantage over coffee: It had enough caffeine to aid performance, but not so much that it disrupted sleep. Score one for tea!

Is coffee good for depression and anxiety? ›

One published study showed a correlation between drinking more coffee and a reduction in the severity of depression symptoms. A separate study focused on middle-aged adults produced similar results. It appears that drinking coffee can help people diagnosed with depression.

Does quitting caffeine have health benefits? ›

By quitting, you can return to a normal state of alertness and improve energy levels. Financial Savings: Modern specialty coffee drinks can take a big bite out of your monthly budget. Lower Blood Pressure: Quitting caffeine can lower your blood pressure and take pressure off of your heart.

Who should avoid caffeine? ›

Adolescents and young adults need to be cautioned about excessive caffeine intake and mixing caffeine with alcohol and other drugs. Women who are pregnant or who are trying to become pregnant and those who are breast-feeding should talk with their doctors about limiting caffeine use to less than 200 mg daily.

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